nand2/05_Computer_Architecture/Readme.md
Michael Schröder 971b323822 added v2.0
2023-01-11 23:04:57 +01:00

4.8 KiB

05 Computer Architecture

Build the HACK computer system consisting of the chips CPU, Memory, Clock25_Reset20, RAM and ROM. ROM uses a block ram structure (256 words) of iCE40HX1K and can be considered primitive. It can be preloaded with the instructions of the assembler programs implemented in 04_Machine_Language .

01 CPU

The CPU corresponds to the proposed implementation of nand2tetris course.

Attention: In the original specification of HACK all C instruction have the binary form: 111xxxxxxxxxxxxx and A instruction have the form 0xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. In order to use HACK with instruction memory ROM >32K (to play tetris), we will also interpret the machine language instructions starting with 000-110 as A-instructions, allowing the following jumps for all labels up to 56K!

@label
0;JMP

02 Memory

The chip Memory.v maps all addresses 0 - 0x0FFF to RAM and the addresses 0x1000-0x100F to the 16 special function registers used for memory mapped IO-Devices and debugging.

03 Clock25_Reset20

The 100 MHz (CLK) of the clock generator on the iCE40HX1K-EVB is to fast to drive our HACK design. Therefore we must scale down the external clock (CLK) of 100 MHz to the internal clock (clk) of 25Mhz using a counter PC .

HACK CPU needs a reset signal to have a proper start of the complete computer system. The fpga chip nees some time delay to preload the ROM with ROM.hack code. Therefore the reset signal at startup should have a minimal length of approximately 20us.

04 HACK

The chip HACK.v is the top level module, that connects to the outer world.

The signals wires CLK, RST, BUT[1:0] and LED[1:0] (by convention written in capital letters) connect to the outer pins of the fpga chip iCE40HX1K according to the file iCE40HX1K.pcf. The board iCE40-HX1K-EVB comes with a clock generator of 100 MHz, two buttons and two leds connected to FPGA (refer to datasheets/iCE40HX1K-EVB).

wire iCE40HX1K (FPGA) board iCE40HX1K-EVB
CLK 15 100 Mhz clock generator
BUT[0] 41 BUT1
BUT[1] 42 BUT2
LED[0] 40 LED1
LED[1] 51 LED2

To add IO capability we add 7 more special function registers mapped to the following addresses:

address I/O dev function
0 - 3839 RAM
4096 LED 0 = led off, 1 = led on
4097 BUT 0 = button pressed "down", 1 = button released
4098 - 4106 reserved for IO devices (see. project 06_IO_Devices)
4107 - 4111 DEBUG used for debugging

The HACK simulation needs a valid file ROM.hack (created in project 04_Machine_Language) with the machine language instructions to perform.

The test bench of 04_HACK will:

  1. occasionally press the user buttons BUT1/2
  2. show the result of LED1/2
  3. show the content of DEBUG0-DEBUG5

Project

  • Implement the chips CPU , Memory and Clock25__Reset20 and simulate with the corresponding test benches:

    $ cd 0X_<chipname>
    $ apio clean
    $ apio sim
    
  • Check the frequency of the internal clk signal to be 25MHz. So one clock cylce takes 40us.

  • Check the reset signal of HACK. You should see a reset signal of approximately 20 us.

  • Implement HACK and test with leds.asm:

    $ cd ../04_Machine_Language
    $ make leds
    $ cd ../05_Computer_Architecture/04_HACK
    $ apio clean
    $ apio sim
    
  • Check, if LEDs change state accoring to BUT:

  • Test HACK with mult.asm.

    $ cd ../04_Machine_Language
    $ make mult
    $ cd ../05_Computer_Architecture/04_HACK
    $ apio clean
    $ apio sim
    
  • You should see the result 715 of the multiplication 13*55 in the debug register DEBUG2! You can change the number format to decimal.

  • finally upload the complete HACK design with leds.asm preloaded into instruction ROM and run in real hardware!

    $ cd ../04_Machine_Language/01_leds
    $ make
    $ cd ../05_Computer_Architecture/04_HACK
    $ apio clean
    $ apio build
    $ apio upload
    
  • press the user buttons BUT1/BUT2 and see if the LED change pattern accordingly.

  • Repeat the test with the second machine language programm mult.asm.

Attention: remember to run apio clean, after changing the file ROM.hack!