05 Computer Architecture

Build the HACK computer system consisting of the chips CPU, Memory, Clock25_Reset20, RAM and ROM. ROM uses a block ram structure (256 words) of iCE40HX1K and can be considered primitive. It can be preloaded with the instructions of the assembler programs implemented in 04_Machine_Language .

01 CPU

The CPU corresponds to the proposed implementation of nand2tetris course.

Attention: In the original specification of HACK all C instruction have the binary form: 111xxxxxxxxxxxxx and A instruction have the form 0xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. In order to use HACK with instruction memory ROM >32K (to play tetris), we will also interpret the machine language instructions starting with 000-110 as A-instructions, allowing the following jumps for all labels up to 56K!

@label
0;JMP

02 Memory

The chip Memory.v maps all addresses 0 - 0x0FFF to RAM and the addresses 0x1000-0x100F to the 16 special function registers used for memory mapped IO-Devices and debugging.

03 Clock25_Reset20

The 100 MHz (CLK) of the clock generator on the iCE40HX1K-EVB is to fast to drive our HACK design. Therefore we must scale down the external clock (CLK) of 100 MHz to the internal clock (clk) of 25Mhz using a counter PC .

HACK CPU needs a reset signal to have a proper start of the complete computer system. The fpga chip nees some time delay to preload the ROM with ROM.hack code. Therefore the reset signal at startup should have a minimal length of approximately 20us.

04 HACK

The chip HACK.v is the top level module, that connects to the outer world.

The signals wires CLK, RST, BUT[1:0] and LED[1:0] (by convention written in capital letters) connect to the outer pins of the fpga chip iCE40HX1K according to the file iCE40HX1K.pcf. The board iCE40-HX1K-EVB comes with a clock generator of 100 MHz, two buttons and two leds connected to FPGA (refer to datasheets/iCE40HX1K-EVB).

wire	iCE40HX1K (FPGA)	board iCE40HX1K-EVB
CLK	15	100 Mhz clock generator
BUT[0]	41	BUT1
BUT[1]	42	BUT2
LED[0]	40	LED1
LED[1]	51	LED2

To add IO capability we add 7 more special function registers mapped to the following addresses:

address	I/O dev	function
0 - 3839	RAM
4096	LED	0 = led off, 1 = led on
4097	BUT	0 = button pressed "down", 1 = button released
4098 - 4106		reserved for IO devices (see. project 06_IO_Devices)
4107 - 4111	DEBUG	used for debugging

The HACK simulation needs a valid file ROM.hack (created in project 04_Machine_Language) with the machine language instructions to perform.

The test bench of 04_HACK will:

occasionally press the user buttons BUT1/2
show the result of LED1/2
show the content of DEBUG0-DEBUG5

Project

Implement the chips CPU , Memory and Clock25__Reset20 and simulate with the corresponding test benches:
```
$ cd 0X_<chipname>
$ apio clean
$ apio sim
```
Check the frequency of the internal clk signal to be 25MHz. So one clock cylce takes 40us.
Check the reset signal of HACK. You should see a reset signal of approximately 20 us.

Implement HACK and test with leds.asm:

$ cd ../04_Machine_Language
$ make leds
$ cd ../05_Computer_Architecture/04_HACK
$ apio clean
$ apio sim

Check, if LEDs change state accoring to BUT:

Test HACK with mult.asm.

$ cd ../04_Machine_Language
$ make mult
$ cd ../05_Computer_Architecture/04_HACK
$ apio clean
$ apio sim

You should see the result 715 of the multiplication 13*55 in the debug register DEBUG2! You can change the number format to decimal.

finally upload the complete HACK design with leds.asm preloaded into instruction ROM and run in real hardware!

$ cd ../04_Machine_Language/01_leds
$ make
$ cd ../05_Computer_Architecture/04_HACK
$ apio clean
$ apio build
$ apio upload

press the user buttons BUT1/BUT2 and see if the LED change pattern accordingly.
Repeat the test with the second machine language programm mult.asm.

Attention: remember to run apio clean, after changing the file ROM.hack!

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